Evidence has shown that a significant proportion of youths for several reasons, tend to practice tattooing, piercing, scarification and others. In the process, scars are formed by cutting or branding the skin using sharp objects. Scarification which occurs on the dermis, far above fatty tissues and muscles is an illegal practice in some countries including Nigeria¹. Scarification involves the removal or branding of the skin with sharp objects, therefore, the dangers of getting blood borne infections like HIV, hepatitis and others are likely.   The practice of scarification leaves an open wound and good hygiene is incredibly important to prevent other infections ^{1, 2, 3}. This practice of scarification among some youths is very worrisome considering the fact that in 2001, the HIV prevalence was about 5.8% and by 2014 health workers and researchers worked hard to reduce the HIV prevalence to 3.8% thereby minimized the burden of HIV in Nigeria by about 65% ⁴. This fete of reducing HIV prevalence was mainly achieved by researchers using educational interventions like drama and role plays to sensitize and create positive behaviour changes among youths. As a result of using drama, youths acted as change agents to their peers ⁵. It was also shown that watching individuals performing drama and role plays on the stage, produced holistic approaches that initiated solutions to problems ^{5, 6}. Therefore, drama and role plays were presumed to be veritable intervention strategies capable of reducing the practice of scarifications among youths in institutions of higher learning. This study used drama and role plays to provide emotional and cognitive experiences that created awareness on the risks of scarification.

Historically, in Nigeria, the practice of tribal marks, or scarifications served the purposes of identifying tribes of one’s origin as well as eternal membership of fraternity bodies⁶. Tribal marks were also used to identify family members kidnapped during communal conflicts or slave trade. The scars on the faces and other parts of the body of those kidnapped or under slavery helped to identify their heritage. As a result, tribal marks or scarification served as checks on incest and intra marriages among families that are blood related^{7, 8, 9}.

In some developing countries including Nigeria, the practice of having marks on the body has been banned because of the resultant social and health risks. However, public outcry against the decision made the ban in some countries to be slightly upturned ^{4, 10, 11, 12}. For instance, Nigeria's (2003) Child Rights Act section 24(1) declared that no person shall tattoo or make skin marks on any child. The Child Rights further defined “skin marks" as "any ethnic or ritual cuts on the skin which leave permanent marks that could disfigure and expose the child to infections" (Section. 27(7). According to the law, the penalty for violating this provision shall be a fine of 5,000 Nigerian naira (about $15 US) or in the alternative, a prison term of up to a month, or both (Nigeria 2003 Child Rights Act, Section 24(2), but no one has ever been strictly convicted for violating this law, hence, some individuals still indulge in making skin marks ¹³.

Sources have shown that the continued prevalence of scarifications among youths in higher institutions reflect the view that some youths may lack knowledge of the risks they are exposed to by having marks on the body. It suggests the need to equip youths with feasible intervention strategies capable of enlightening them on the consequences of making scarifications ^{14, 15, 16, 17}. In practice, making tribal marks, and/or incisions are fraught with dangers because most of the instruments used for the cuttings are unsterilized. Such practices that would break the skin and mucus membranes during cutting, suggest likely increase in infections with blood borne pathogens and others including tetanus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and very importantly, HIV ^{18, 19, 20}. Studies have shown that the healing process of scarifications leaves some scars that producedisfigurements likekeloidson the body²¹. These disfigurements cause serious psychological, emotional and social problems which sometimes result to attempts by some individuals to commit suicide ^{22, 23, 24}. For instance ,females with disfigurements on the body experience social stigma and discrimination and find it difficult to get suitable suitors ^{25, 26, 27}. As a result of this, thoughts of suicide would emanate ²⁷.

Researchers have noted that the presence of peers influence risk taking among youths because they spend substantial amounts of time with their peers, and as such, their decisions are likely to be influenced by peers ^{28, 29, 30}. The problem is that a good number of youths appear not sensitive to the risks of some of their decisions especially that of making scarifications during fraternal initiations ^{31, 32, 33}. Such youths strongly focus on the anticipated social and material benefits rather than the associated health problems of their actions. They seem to cope well with impulsive situations that are characterized by rapid and unplanned actions that are likely to expose them to negative health consequences^{34, 35, 36}. Realizing that the age range of most of the people infected with HIV and AIDS are between 15 to 35 years ^{37, 38} and that about 80% of these infected groups are aged 20-29 years ^{39, 40} makes it imperative to proffer intervention that will reduce the prevalence. It is against the background of reducing HIV and AIDS prevalence among the young people that this research was conceived.

This study investigated the extent to which youths in the universities are aware of the risks associated with scarification. It also examined the likelihood of using drama and role plays to increase the awareness of youths on the risks of scarification.

The study used a non-experimental pre-post research design. The three universities in Abia State, one private, one State and the other Federal were studied. The three universities are Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (MOUA), representing Federal university, Abia State University (ABSU), representing State University, and Rhema University, representing private university. All the three universities received interventions in the form of drama and role plays which lasted for three days and were presented by a Consultant. The drama and role plays adopted by the Consultant and his group included allegory, symbolic narrative and catharsis . The symbolic narrative of the risks students are exposed to when they submit to scarifications whether for beautification or identification with fraternal groups was highlighted while catharsis was initiated by creating pity and fear to encourage the students to shun activities that would suggest the use of sharp objects. Role plays in form of “process drama” introduced the students to imaginary world where the risks of sharing sharp objects were highlighted. These methods that were adopted during the drama presentations were meant to create awareness on the risks associated with scarification and tattoos.

A pretest was conducted to perfect the drama and role plays. Thereafter, the drama intervention was provided to the students in their respective university campuses. A self-administered pre-intervention questionnaire was distributed to the respondents by the researchers. At the end of the intervention, a self-administered post-intervention questionnaire was also distributed to the respondents by the researchers. This helped to evaluate the extent to which the drama presented created awareness in the risk-reduction practices of the students. During the drama and role plays, the principal officers of each of the universities studied were present to watch the drama presentations along with the researchers and students. The presence of the principal officers of the universities during the drama helped to motivate the students to relax and to fully cooperate with the instructions of the researchers.

In this study, drama was used as a means of promoting change that served both “cathartic” and “performative” roles. In the cathartic role, actors produced drama on the problems under study and allowed the students to identify with the characters in the drama so as to enable them act as change agents. For the performative role, the students mimicked the actors and used the drama techniques to portray life experiences in the campuses.

Ninety (90) students, comprising 30 students from each of the universities were used for the study. The students were selected by quota and simple random sampling using balloting without replacement. The pre-intervention and post-intervention responses collected from the students were analysed quantitatively using percentages and Tables.

The current study examined the knowledge of university students on the risks of having marks (scarification, tattoos and others) on the body. The students identified a number of risks and dangers associated with having scarifications on the body. Among the risks implicated in having scarifications included Hepatitis B and C, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis and tetanus. The fact that some of the students mentioned tuberculosis and leprosy as part of risk factors associated with scarification shows poor knowledge of the likely risk factors of scarification. This poor knowledge exhibited by some of the students for associating infections due to overcrowding as part of risks of scarification may be responsible for such students taking actions that suggest scarification. This finding agrees with that of ^{6, 7} that some youths, as a result of lack of sufficient knowledge on the consequences of scarification accept practices that involve bloodlettings thereby, expose themselves to infections.

In this study, a good proportion of the students studied, about 90% of them were aware that sharing sharp objects like razor blade, syringes and others would predispose them to HIV infection. The concern about this finding is that, even though a good proportion of the students are aware that sharing sharp objects could predispose them to HIV and other blood borne infections, yet, some of the students still indulge in scarification showing that awareness of risk factors is no guarantee for protection against taking such risks. For instance, 28(31%) of the students studied had scarifications on the body but this was more among students in MOUA as federal university than in other universities. Having marks on the body was more among males than females, showing that males took more risks of scarification and exposure to HIV infection than females. This finding agrees with that of ^11.13. In these studies, those who had scarification did so because they wanted to be identified with particular fraternal groups, while in the present study, scarification was done because of beautification, traditional marks, protection and fraternity identification. This finding agrees with that of^{2 6 and 8} where youths for trivial reasons engaged in tattooing and making scarifications on the body.

The fact that in this study, 62(69%) of the students studied had no marks on the body shows that a good proportion of them are protected from the risks of sharing sharp objects. These may be the group who had no interest in being identified with any co-fraternity groups. To this group, the drama intervention provided could go further to fortify their stand on not being coerced into having scarifications for any reason. This is necessary because in this study, both male and female students were coerced into joining co-fraternities in the three universities studied but this was more in Rhema, a private university than in the public universities. The finding that students were coerced into joining confraternity organizations in the private university more than in the public university could be attributed to the fact that in the private universities students are likely to be restricted from freely participating in several activities including social activities, and as a vent, they might be tempted to take risky overtures like belonging to fraternal organizations more than those in the public universities where there may not be restrictions on students’ activities. This finding is in contrast with that of ^{7, 11} where students from public schools were found as members of fraternal organizations more than those in private universities.

That the students of MOUA, as a federal university, had more marks(scarification, tattooing and others) on the body more than students from ABSU and Rhema shows the extent to which the students are exposed to blood transmitted infections. It is likely that a good number of the students in MOUA who had marks on the body may be members of co- fraternities where initiations are carried out for group identification and/or belongingness.This shows lack of respect for the law on human rights that prohibits tribal and other marks on the body. The fact that some students still put marks on the body suggests resistance to the Nigerian law which banned all forms of tribal marks. It further suggests that the students of MOUA who had marks on the body more than others, were not sensitive to the negative outcomes of making marks on the body. It is worthy to note that not only does scarification cause harm and trauma, but of importance is keeping the materials for making the marks sanitary and the wounds clean. There is fear that the students may not remember to use antibacterial solutions or soaps often, as well as maintain good hygiene in general during scarification. Another concern is that those who provide the scarifications may not know that they need to take precautions by wearing masks to avoid the risks of blood borne infections. The fear of individuals who undertake scarification not taking precautions and maintaining hygienic conditions is also expressed by ^{2, 3}. This has the implication of increasing HIV prevalence among the youths.

Drama intervention used in the study generated positive effects by exposing the students to the aftermaths of accepting scarifications. It was noted that after the drama and role plays presentations, a good number of the students started using allegory from the drama to emphasize positive moral qualities among peers. This was noticed by the number of students who continuously recited a sub-section of the theme of the drama “just say no to marks on the body”. Using the slang “just say no to marks on the body motivated a good number of the students to acquire proficiency in using literal languages from the drama to act as change agents to peers. Also students used gestures to send sensitive messages that are capable of preventing other students from taking the risk of scarification. This enabled the students to avoid using irony in luring fellow students into belonging to co- fraternal organizations that demand sharing of sharp objects during initializations. This practice possibly increased the students’ knowledge on the consequences of sharing sharp objects. Drama was beneficial in the study. It conveyed a model which explained that behavioural impulsiveness is directly associated with risk taking. This had important implications in reducing risk taking behaviours among youths, as well as in understanding the riskiness of some behaviours. This suggests that interactions in social situations can reduce risk-taking behaviours, particularly when negative consequences are obvious. This benefit is consistent with recent findings on the factors that reduce risk taking behaviours among peers ^{15, 21}.

Drama and role plays helped to highlight behaviours that can predispose students to blood transmitted infections including HIV. From the findings in this study, drama initiated emotional feelings that created awareness on the benefits of not having scarification. Drama therefore, is a valuable and timely intervention strategy that is capable of discouraging risk taking behaviours among university students.

The fact that some students had shrouded knowledge of the risks of undergoing scarification, calls for more enlightenment on the risks associated with scarification. Therefore, more research on risk reduction awareness creation is recommended for university students. This future research should be able to demonstrate intervention efforts capable of reducing risk-taking behaviours in the challenging age group of university students.

This study could not establish the number of students who are members of co- fraternities including cults. It was presumed that a good number of the students may not be willing to reveal their membership status for the fear of being expelled from the university. The study only concentrated on identifying students with scarifications on the body and explored the reasons for having scarifications.