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A global increase in incidence of chronic liver disease (CLD) indicated the necessity of dietary and lifestyle modification. Low glycemic index (GI) diet was reported to have a significant role in controlling diabetes caused by liver dysfunction. The International Standards Organisation (ISO) has standardized the determination of GI of a food in healthy individuals. This study aimed to estimate GI value of a high protein, energy dense liver nutritional supplement. This cross-over randomized controlled study randomly allotted 15 participants to consume either reference food 27.5 gm glucose (glucose monohydrate) or 77 gm nutritional supplement (equivalent to 25 gm of available carbohydrates); switching to another arm was done after 3 days wash-out period. After overnight fast, blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes post-consumption of s upplement or reference food. The GI was calculated from the incremental area under the blood glucose response elicited by the nutritional supplement as a percentage of the response after consumption of 27.5 gm of glucose (glucose monohydrate) by the same participant using a standard formula. Mean GI of the nutritional supplementwas estimated as 11.4 ± 2.4.With the consumption of this nutritional supplement, the blood glucose levels were reduced at all postprandial time points, compared to the reference food. The liver nutritional supplement tested has a low GI, and comparatively slower and more sustained blood glucose response. Therefore, it can be used in patients with CLD to prevent CLD-associated metabolic complications and improve health outcomes and quality of life.

The binding strength of Covid-19 variants, Omicron BQ.1, XBB.1.5, XBB 1.16, FE.1, EG.5, BA.2.86, HV.1, and JN.1, with the ACE-2, was calculated in silico and evaluated with previous variants; the binding strength of new variants is XBB.1.5 << BA.2.86 < Delta < JN.1 < HV.1 < BA.1 << BA.2. The binding strength of Omicron JN.1 was similar to that of Delta, and that of others was less than that of BA.2.86. The binding inhibition of natural polyphenols was analyzed using a popular Omicron JN.1. The natural polyphenols were (-) Catechin, (+) Catechin, (+) epicatechin, apigenin, apigetrin, daidzein, quercetin, genistein, and oleuropein. The ionization of phenolic hydroxy groups was defined based on the atomic partial charge of oxygen. Polyphenols’ ionized hydroxy groups inhibited the binding of JN.1 S-RPB with ACE-2.

A letter to the editor comments on animal research ethics, post‑service roles in humanitarian response, and public health preparedness. It advocates clear oversight, training, and accountability frameworks for paramilitary substitutes in HA/DR.