Transplant complications are the adverse outcomes that can follow the transplantation of an organ or tissue, arising from the immunological, surgical, infectious, and pharmacological challenges inherent in replacing a failing organ. The central immunological problem is rejection, in which the recipient's immune syst…
Transplant complications are the adverse outcomes that can follow the transplantation of an organ or tissue, arising from the immunological, surgical, infectious, and pharmacological challenges inherent in replacing a failing organ. The central immunological problem is rejection, in which the recipient's immune system recognizes and attacks the graft; it may be hyperacute, acute, or chronic, and is mediated by cellular and antibody responses that can lead to graft dysfunction or loss. To prevent rejection, recipients require sustained immunosuppression, which in turn predisposes them to opportunistic and conventional infections and to an increased long-term risk of malignancy. Surgical and perioperative complications include bleeding, vascular and anastomotic problems, and, in kidney grafts, delayed graft function influenced by intraoperative hemodynamics and ischemic injury. Drug toxicity, metabolic disturbances, and recurrence of the original disease in the graft add further risk. Detection and monitoring rely on laboratory testing, imaging such as Doppler ultrasonography, and biopsy to distinguish rejection from other causes of dysfunction, while genetic profiling is explored to personalize immunosuppression and reduce complications. Management balances adequate immunosuppression against its hazards. Research in this area addresses the diagnosis of post-transplant complications, rejection and its individualized treatment, graft function and ischemic injury, and the infectious and surgical risks that shape transplant outcomes.
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The 8 articles above have been cited 21 times in the scholarly literature. Citation data via OpenAlex and Crossref, updated Jun 2026.
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