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Jun 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-18-2135
Wang QianCorresponding author
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Jiangsu, China.
Combustion of fossil fuels provides around 88% of total energy supply for modern society, and meanwhile causes many environ mental problems and social problems such as air pollution and energy crisis. Therefore，both at home and abroad are focusing on the research and development of natural gas engine recently. However, the mass production and application of this kind of engine are restricted by some unsolved technical difficulties. This paper explored the injection, combustion and emission processes of diesel/ natural gas and dual fuel engine based on Chemkin II, Fire software and Schlieren method. The experimental study on the mixing process of dual fuel jet was carried out by using high-speed Schlieren method in a constant volume bomb. Based on the Fire software, and then applied to Chemkin II software to analyze the effect of the initial temperature and pressure on the net heat production and combustion emissions. The results show that Dual fuel mechanism is capable of producing different heat production behaviors when varying the initial pressure and temperature CO2 emissions are minimized by changing the initial pressure above or below the atmospheric value. However, CO emissions are peaked when diesel fuel is used. The dual fuel engine minimizes the CO emissions amount caused by diesel fuel. Increasing the initial pressure eliminates dual fuel CO2 combustion emissions. The research of this paper is important to optimize the in cylinder combustion processes of natural gas engine, and have a certain important meaning to guide the development of diesel ignition dual fuel engine.
May 2015 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-13-292
Ali ZeeshanCorresponding author
Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories
After processing of cotton seed oil (CSO) the activated bleaching clay (ABC) is converted to low valued waste bleaching clay (WBC). The chemical composition of ABC from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan is found out as; SiO2 71.34, Al2O3 15.54, CaO 2.72, MgO 1.48, Na2O 0.51, K2O 0.23, Fe2O3 0.02. The clay has bleachability (74 %) and oil retention (32.70 %) by standard method (ASTM). The cotton seed oil recovered (CSOR) with polar/nonpolar solvents (31.1-36.3 %) have different FFA values (0.2-0.85). However, lower percentage of tri-esters (88 %) was found out in dark coloured CSOR as compare to freshly n-hexane extracted CSO (92.5 %) from edible oil refinery. The lower FFA (0.2) valued CSOR with n-hexane is transesterified at optimized conditions to mono alkyl esters (CSOR-FAME). The reaction was optimised by performing series of experiments to observe molar conc., of methanol-oil (3-18:1), catalysts; NaOH, NaOCH3, KOH, KOCH3- oil (0.25-1.5), temperature (20-80°C), reflux time (120 min) and mixing intensity (200-650 rpm). The maximum yield of biodiesel (98.5 %) has been found out by NaOCH3 (1.00 %) as catalyst, methanol-oil (6:1) at temperature (65°C) and stirring intensity (650 rpm). The properties of CSOR-FAME (biodiesel) are also under limits as per standards; ASTM 6751, EN 14214 and WBC/ CSOR-FAME appear to be an acceptable feedstock for fatty acids/biodiesel production as renewable fuel.
Aug 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2638-4469.japb-17-1534
Sharma NiveditaCorresponding author
Microbiology research laboratory, Deptt. of Basic sciences, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni (Solan) Himachal Pradesh 173230.
Algae are a class of photosynthetic organisms found in both marine and freshwaters habitats. As these organisms have a short doubling time, they are considered among fastest growing creatures. They have different pathways to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide and to efficiently utilize the nutrients to convert it into biomass. In few years, a focus has been shifted towards these organisms due to their food and fuel production capability. In fuel industry algae biofuels have been emerged as a clean, nature friendly, cost effective solution to other fuels. Algae fuels are categorized into bio-ethanol, biogas, bio-hydrogen, biodiesel and bio-oil. Algae as a food have been explored for different applications as in production of single cell proteins, pigments, bioactive substances, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The present review has been prepared to throw a light on enormous applications of algae as food and fuel and also to provide some information about different commercially available algae products.