Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51, a brittle, silvery-gray metalloid in group 15 of the periodic table that exhibits properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals. It occurs chiefly as the sulfide mineral stibnite and commonly adopts the trivalent and pentavalent oxidation…
Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51, a brittle, silvery-gray metalloid in group 15 of the periodic table that exhibits properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals. It occurs chiefly as the sulfide mineral stibnite and commonly adopts the trivalent and pentavalent oxidation states, forming oxides, halides, and sulfides as well as a range of organoantimony compounds. Antimony has a long history of use, and modern applications include flame retardants, where antimony trioxide acts synergistically with halogenated compounds, as well as alloys, lead-acid battery plates, semiconductors, and pigments. Certain antimony compounds also retain pharmacological use in the treatment of parasitic diseases. Because antimony and its compounds can be toxic, their concentration and behavior in biological tissues and environmental samples are of analytical and toxicological interest, and antimony is frequently included among the trace elements measured in studies of human tissue, foods, and environmental matrices. Such determinations rely on sensitive instrumental methods, including neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, capable of quantifying trace concentrations. Two-dimensional and nanostructured forms of antimony are also studied for their electronic properties. Research on antimony spans inorganic and materials chemistry, the analytical measurement of trace elements in biological and environmental samples, and the toxicology and environmental behavior of antimony compounds.
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