Leukaemia is a group of malignant disorders of the blood-forming tissues in which abnormal white blood cells proliferate uncontrollably in the bone marrow and circulate in the peripheral blood, crowding out normal haematopoiesis. It is classified along two axes: by lineage, into lymphoid (affecting lymphocyte precur…
Leukaemia is a group of malignant disorders of the blood-forming tissues in which abnormal white blood cells proliferate uncontrollably in the bone marrow and circulate in the peripheral blood, crowding out normal haematopoiesis. It is classified along two axes: by lineage, into lymphoid (affecting lymphocyte precursors) and myeloid (affecting granulocyte, erythroid, and platelet precursors), and by clinical tempo, into acute forms marked by rapid accumulation of immature blasts and chronic forms characterized by more mature but dysfunctional cells. The four principal types are acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and chronic myeloid leukaemia, with rarer entities such as hairy cell leukaemia. Disease behavior is driven by acquired genetic and chromosomal abnormalities that dysregulate proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Clinical research in this field addresses diagnostic subtyping, complications such as hypercoagulability and impaired clotting in acute disease, metabolic vulnerabilities exploited for targeted therapy, and treatment outcomes including responses to chemotherapy, targeted agents, and stem cell transplantation. Long-term management raises additional concerns, notably medication adherence in chronic disease and supportive care for thrombocytopenia and related cytopenias. Together these dimensions make leukaemia a central focus of haematology and oncology, spanning molecular pathogenesis, accurate classification, and the optimization of curative and palliative strategies.
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