Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disorder of reproductive-age women, defined by a combination of ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound. Its diagnosis rests on consensus criteria requiring at l…
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disorder of reproductive-age women, defined by a combination of ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound. Its diagnosis rests on consensus criteria requiring at least two of these features after exclusion of other causes of androgen excess and anovulation. The pathophysiology centres on dysregulated ovarian and adrenal androgen production, altered gonadotropin secretion, and a strong association with insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia, which amplify androgen synthesis and disrupt follicular maturation. Clinical manifestations include menstrual irregularity, anovulatory infertility, hirsutism and other signs of androgen excess, and frequent coexistence with obesity, dyslipidaemia, and increased long-term risk of type 2 diabetes. Estrogen and estradiol dynamics, anthropometric profiles, and metabolic markers are studied to characterise phenotypes and guide management. Therapeutic approaches combine lifestyle modification with insulin-sensitising and ovulation-inducing strategies, and adjunctive interventions such as cinnamon supplementation have been evaluated for their effects on insulin resistance, body mass index, and estradiol. Research integrates reproductive endocrinology, metabolism, and nutrition to clarify mechanisms, refine diagnostic subtyping, and improve fertility and metabolic outcomes in affected women.
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