Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but fatal form of brain infection caused by the free-living amoeba (a single-celled protozoan) Naegleria fowleri. This amoeba is commonly found in warm freshwater and soil and can enter the body through infected water passing through the nose to reach the brain. PAM occurs worldwide and primarily affects young children and teenagers between the ages of 5 and 17. Symptoms of PAM include fever, headache, confusion, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and vomiting. Unfortunately, most cases of PAM are fatal and can cause death within one to two weeks. Although it is rare, PAM is a significant public health concern as it has a high mortality rate. To prevent PAM, it is important to avoid swimming in warm freshwater and to wear nose plugs when participating in water sports. Additionally, water treatment facilities can employ filtration methods to remove the amoeba from contaminated water and help limit the spread of PAM. With increased public awareness and preventative measures, the incidence of PAM can be reduced and further deaths can be prevented.