Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic system arising from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes, most often within lymph nodes but also in extranodal sites such as the central nervous system, skin, bone, breast implant capsules, and the external auditory canal. It is broadly divided into Hodgkin lympho…
Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic system arising from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes, most often within lymph nodes but also in extranodal sites such as the central nervous system, skin, bone, breast implant capsules, and the external auditory canal. It is broadly divided into Hodgkin lymphoma, defined histologically by Reed-Sternberg cells and including nodular lymphocyte-predominant and classical subtypes, and the heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which span indolent and aggressive B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell entities. Recognized variants include MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma, lymphoepithelioid (Lennert) lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders driven by immunosuppression. Diagnosis integrates tissue histopathology, immunophenotyping, and cytology, with fine-needle aspiration helping triage lymphoid lesions, while biochemical indices such as lactate dehydrogenase can reflect disease burden. Clinical behavior ranges from localized disease to widespread infiltration, and management commonly employs combination chemotherapy regimens such as R-CHOP, sometimes complicated by opportunistic infection or paraneoplastic phenomena. Sub-type distribution and treatment outcomes vary substantially across age groups and between well-resourced and resource-limited settings, making accurate classification central to prognosis and therapy selection.
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