The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Silver oxide (Ag2O) has the antimicrobial properties, which is insoluble in most of the solvents and sensitive to light. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of Ag2O powder using modern analytical techniques. The Ag2O sample was divided into two parts, one part of the sample was considered as the control sample, whereas the other part of the sample received the Biofield Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi and termed as a treated sample. The particle size values were significantly decreased by 26.70% (d10), 20.67% (d50), 18.7% (d90), and 20.57% D(43), hence, the specific surface area was significantly increased by 32.33% in the treated Ag2O sample than control sample. PXRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered from -94.93% to 6.18% and -54.19% to 54.89%, respectively, however, the average crystallite size was significantly decreased by 14.66% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The latent heat of fusion of the treated Ag2O was significantly decreased by 61.12% compared with the control sample.The total weight loss was significantly increased by 49.34%, hence, the residue amount was 4.05% less in the treated sample than the control sample.These results suggested that the Trivedi Effect® might introduce a new polymorphic form of Ag2O which would offer better solubility, absorption, and bioavailability of the pharmaceutical formulations and also be advantageous for the pharmaceutical industry when using it as a raw material.
Silver oxide (Ag2O) is a chemical compound used as a reagent in the laboratory reactions to synthesize other silver compounds (silver chloride, silver nitrate, etc.); as well as in organic chemistry as a mild oxidizing agent (
Physicochemical properties of any objects have great importance for their stability and other application perspectives. The Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment has been scientifically proved to have the significant impact on the physicochemical properties of various living and non-living object(s)
The silver oxide (Ag2O) powder was procured from Sigma Aldrich, India. Remaining chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade also purchased in India.
The silver oxide powder considered as a test sample was divided into two parts. One part of the silver oxide powder sample was treated with the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes, known as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. The Biofield Energy Healing Treatment was provided through the healer’s unique energy transmission process by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi, USA, to one part of the test sample. Consequently, the other part of the test sample was considered as a control or untreated sample (Biofield Energy Treatment was not provided). Further, the control sample was treated with a “sham” healer for the best comparison with the results of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide. However, the sham healer did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. After that, the Biofield Energy Treated and untreated silver oxide powder samples were kept in sealed conditions and characterized using PSA, PXRD, DSC, and TGA analytical techniques.
The particle size analysis of silver oxide powder was performed on Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK, with a detection range between 0.01 µm to 3000 µm using wet method
The percent change in particle size (d) for silver oxide powder at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d50), 90% level (d90), and D(4,3) was calculated using the following equation 1:
Where dControland dTreatedare the particle size (μm) for at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d50), and 90% level (d90) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively.
Percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2:
Where SControl and STreated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide, respectively.
The PXRD analysis of silver oxide powder was performed with the help of Rigaku MiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan)
G = kλ/
Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission),
Percent change in crystallite size (G) of silver oxide was calculated using the following equation 4:
Where GControl and GTreated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively.
The DSC analysis of silver oxide was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. The sample of ~0.5-2 mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10ºC/min from 30°C to 350°C
Where TControl and TTreated are the melting point of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively.
Percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using following equation 6:
Where ΔHControland ΔHTreatedare the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively.
TGA/DTG thermograms of silver oxide were obtained with the help of TGA Q50 TA instruments. The sample of ~3-7 mg was loaded to the platinum crucible at a heating rate of 10ºC/min from 25°C to 1000°C with the recent literature
Where WControl and WTreated are the weight loss of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide, respectively.
The % change in maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) (M) was calculated using the following equation 8:
Where MControl and MTreated are the Tmax values of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide, respectively.
The particle size and surface area analysis of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide were performed, and the comparative results are presented in
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Control | 29.113 | 54.856 | 94.650 | 58.538 | 0.133 |
Biofield Treated | 21.339 | 43.519 | 76.950 | 46.499 | 0.176 |
Percent change |
-26.70 | -20.67 | -18.70 | -20.57 | 32.33 |
d10, d50, and d90: particle diameter corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% of the cumulative distribution, D(4,3): the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA: the specific surface area.
denotes the percentage change in the Particle size distribution of the Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.
The powder XRD experimental results of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide powder samples showed sharp and intense peaks in the respective diffractograms (
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1 | 18.52 | 18.73 | 20.00 | 16.60 | -17.00 | 590.00 | 353.00 | -40.17 |
2 | 20.49 | 20.83 | 12.10 | 11.70 | -3.31 | 489.00 | 224.00 | -54.19 |
3 | 26.53 | 26.74 | 11.20 | 9.50 | -15.18 | 605.00 | 436.00 | -27.93 |
4 | 32.65 | 32.95 | 550.00 | 584.00 | 6.18 | 487.00 | 422.00 | -13.35 |
5 | 33.59 | 33.81 | 91.00 | 80.00 | -12.09 | 455.00 | 339.00 | -25.49 |
6 | 37.87 | 37.29 | 205.00 | 10.40 | -94.93 | 500.00 | 568.00 | 13.60 |
7 | 39.51 | 39.76 | 28.00 | 22.00 | -21.43 | 273.00 | 245.00 | -10.26 |
8 | 54.70 | 54.96 | 120.00 | 127.00 | 5.83 | 505.00 | 521.00 | 3.17 |
9 | 65.23 | 65.44 | 87.00 | 87.00 | 0.00 | 503.00 | 468.00 | -6.96 |
10 | 68.50 | 68.79 | 34.00 | 29.10 | -14.41 | 266.00 | 412.00 | 54.89 |
11 | Average crystallite size | 467.30 | 398.80 | -14.66 |
denotes the percentage change in the peak intensity of the Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.
denotes the percentage change in the crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.
The peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide powder sample were significantly altered when compared to the control sample. As per the literature, the peak intensity of any diffraction face on the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology
The DSC thermal analysis has been performed and the thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide showed a sharp endothermic peak at 200.7°C and 198.78°C, respectively (
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Control Sample | 200.70 | 10.52 |
Biofield Energy Treated | 198.78 | 4.09 |
% Change |
-0.96 | -61.12 |
: Latent heat of fusion,
denotes the percentage change of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide with respect to the control sample.
The latent heat of fusion (∆Hfusion) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (4.09 J/g) was significantly decreased by 61.12% compared with the control sample (10.52 J/g) (
The TGA thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples displayed two steps of thermal degradation (
Sample | TGA | DTG [Tmax (°C)] | ||
Total weight loss (%) | Residue % | 1st Peak | 2nd Peak | |
Control | 7.58 | 92.42 | 168.32 | 394.58 |
Biofield Energy Treated | 11.32 | 88.68 | 163.16 | 391.8 |
% Change |
49.34 | -4.05 | -3.07 | -0.70 |
denotes the percentage change of the Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample,
Tmax = the temperature at which maximum weight loss takes place in TG or peak temperature in DTG.
Similarly, the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide exhibited two peaks (
It has been observed that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has a significant impact on the particle size, surface area, peak intensities, crystallite size, and thermal behaviors of Ag2O. The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O powder were significantly decreased at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) by 26.70%, 20.67%, 18.7%, and 20.57%, respectively compared to the control sample. Therefore, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O powder was significantly increased by 32.33% compared with the control sample. The PXRD analysis of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O powder showed sharp and intense peaks in the diffractograms, indicating that both the samples were crystalline. The peak intensities and crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O powder were significantly altered in the range from -94.93 to 6.18% and -54.19% to 54.89%, respectively, compared with the control sample. Overall, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O powder was significantly decreased by 14.66% compared with the control sample. The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O was slightly decreased compared with the control sample. But, the ∆Hfusion the treated Ag2O was significantly decreased by 61.12% compared with the control sample.The total weight loss was significantly increased in the Biofield Energy Treated sample by 49.34% as compared to the control sample. Therefore, the residue amount was 4.05% less in the treated Ag2O compared to the control sample.The Tmax of the 1st and 2nd peaks of the Biofield Energy Treated Ag2O sample were decreased by 3.07% and 0.7%, respectively compared with the control sample. The results suggested that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might introduce a new polymorphic form of Ag2O which would show better solubility, dissolution rate, absorption, and bioavailability of Ag2O in pharmaceutical preparations (i.e., ointments, wound dressing, etc.) and also be advantageous for the many industries (i.e., chemical, space research, nuclear submarines, optoelectronic, etc.) when used as a raw material.
The authors are grateful to Central Leather Research Institute, SIPRA Lab. Ltd., Trivedi Science, Trivedi Global, Inc., Trivedi Testimonials, and Trivedi Master Wellness for their assistance and support during this work.