Interaction Between Ator and Fennel Remedies in the Treatment of Obesity in Rats

Obesity can be defined as a condition of abnormal or excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that health may be impaired. Fennel is one of the oldest spice plants which widely grows in arid and semi -arid and due to its economic importance and pharmaceutical industry usage. This plant has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect and is effective in gastrointestinal disorder treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical characteristics and therapeutic properties of this medicinal plant. The current study demonstrates that the alteration induced by high fat diet causing changes in blood parameters. These changes are exhibited through a decrease in RBCs, Ht, Hb and platelet and these changes could be due to oxidative stress, which lead to lipid peroxidation in RBCs membranes, auto oxidation of hemoglobin. As regards the total WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes showed marked decrease. While a distinct increase in the percentage of neutrophils and eosinophil. The present, demonstrates that rats treated with (fennel), (ator) and (fennel with ator) exposure provided significant protection to the altered hematological variables. The effect of the treatment with fennel and ator more effect than fennel only and ator only. The finding of this study indicates that the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in liver homogenates of the fennel and ator group significant decrease than group (3) and group (4) and the obese group. There is a growing awareness that obesity is a prime risk factor for the development of dyslipidemia profile and that oxidative stress may play a role in various adverse effects of obesity. DOI: 10.14302/issn.2574-450X.jom-19-2852 Corresponding author: EH Radwan, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt, Phone: 00201001089259, Email: dr_eman_hashem@yahoo.com, eman.radwan@sci.dmn.edu.eg.


Introduction
Triglycerides are esters that play an important role in the metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat; they are major component of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons.
Fennel is one of the world's most dimension medicinal herb [1]. It is anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant properties it is Triglycerides (TGs) are essential fats transported in the blood stream with cholesterol. High blood TG levels can be genetic, or caused by diabetes, thyroid problems, kidney disease, or some medicines. When more calories are consumed than the body requirements, the liver forms triglycerides from the excess energy and these are then stored as fats. High blood triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. Obese individuals differ not only according to the degree of excess stored fat but also in the regional distribution of the fat within Atorvastatin was obtained from local pharmacies, Cairo, Egypt and ground using a mortar.
The drugs were administered orally once a day.

Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare)
Fennel seeds were obtained from Haraz market for herbs and medicinal plants market, Cairo, Egypt.
Dried fennel seeds (Shamar) were washed with tap water to remove possible potential dust. Afterwards, it was dried by cotton cloth to remove the excess liquid prior to drying. Drying was achieved at room temperature for 48 hr. Then a grinder mill and sieves were used to obtain a powder particle size of less than 0.2mm [18].

Expermintal Design
Thirty five Male Albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (7 rats/group as follows: Group 1: (control group): Animals of this group were fed normal diet. Group 2: (obese group): rats of this group were fed high fat diet for two weeks. Composition of the experimental diet (g/kg diet) was according to the formula of [18]. HFD was preserved at 4 o C until used.
Group 3: (obese rats treated with fennel): Animals of this group were fed high fat diet H.F.D. for two weeks then treated with the fennel herb fennel 300 mg/kg body weight [18]. Group 4: (obese rats treated with atorvastatin drug): rats of this group were received high fat diet two weeks then treated with the atorvastatin drug 10 mg/kg [19]. Group 5: (obese rats treated with atorvastatin drug and fennel herb): rats of this group were received high fat diet for two weeks then treated with atorvastatin drug and fennel herb. Treatment with fennel and atorvastatin drug started after two weeks.

Studies of Blood Samples
For the determination of the blood parameters, some of the blood was collected into Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) EDTA-treated tubes for determination the hematological parameters as: Determination of the RBCs count was done according to Wintrobe [20]. Since erythrocytes concentration in the blood is very high, blood samples were diluted with an isotonic solution and the erythrocytes in apportion of the diluted blood were counted using hemocytometer under the microscope. Determination of hemoglobin (Hb) content was done according to Dacie and Lewis [21]. Hemoglobin reacts with potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide, and converted into cyanmethemo globin which can be measured colometrically, where the intensity of the color is proportional to the hemoglobin concentration.
Determination of haematocrit (HCT) value (Packed Cell volume) was measured according to Oser [22]. The Platelet (PLT) count was measured according to Seivered [23]. The total leucocytic count using the haemocytometer method was measured according to Miale [24]. The differential leucocytic count was done according to Miale [24].

Studies of Serum Samples
Non-heparinized blood was allowed to clot in a centrifuge tube and the serum was separated from blood cells by centrifugation at 8000rpm for 5 min. The serum were separated and stored at -2 o C until biochemical parameters assay. Determination of serum total protein was measured according to Gornall et al. [25]. Determination of serum albumin was measured according to Doumas et al. [26]. Determination of serum total cholesterol was done according to Allain et al. [27]. Determination of (Malondialdehyde) (MDA) was measured according to Ohkawa et al. [31]. Determination of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured according to Zhang et al. [32].

Histopathological Studies
An important organ that is affected directly by the obesity which is the heart: The heart is the main important organ in circulatory system, the heart wall has three basic layers; the tunica intima of the heart is called endocardium, the tunica media of the heart is called the for weight loss [39,18].
In the current study, the rats which treated with atorvastatin significantly decrease the protein.       Researching obesity in cats, Jaso Friedmann et al. [58] found no differences in WBC, Neu or Ly counts between obese and lean cats. As the first immune cells to respond to inflammation, Neu had been recently implicated in obesity [59,18], but the exact role of pro inflammation in canine overweight and obesity is currently unknown. Adipose tissue dysfunction is found to be associated with systemic low-grade inflammation [60,18]. Having a short life span, NEU indicates the continuous activation of the immune system and chronic low-grade inflammation associated with canine overweight and obesity.
In the present study, the treatment with fennel herb showed significant increase in WBC, this result agreed with Cherng et al. [61] who reported that the immune modulatory effects of fennel on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and indicated that the extract of fennel has a strong stimulating effect on PBMC cells experimental models. In this study, the treatment with Ator drug showed significant increase in WBC in the test groups compared to the control. A significant depletion in serum HDL level was recorded in obese rats as compared to lean control rats, this result was in agreement with Sohn et al. [62] who reported that hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia have been previously detected in obese rats. The reduction in serum triglycerides leads to decreased adipose tissue mass [63,18]. The increased serum LDL level in obese rats has been also recorded in high fat diet supplemented rats [64,18]. This was explained by the decreased HDL level, as recorded in our study, thus decreasing the reverse cholesterol transport from the blood stream to the liver [65,18]. Different fennel extracts seeds used in the present study could reduce serum cholesterol level in obese rats. Non appreciable reduction in serum triglycerides level was recorded in obese rats treated with either one of fennel extracts seeds.
In current study, the rats which treated with In the current study indicates that the HFD had increase in oxidative stress, these results was agree with Diniz et al. [67], who reported that oxidative stress was found to be associated with obesity. There is a growing awareness that obesity is a prime risk factor for the Foeniculum vulgare fruits and their essential oil are used , pickles, pastries and cheese. They are also used as a constituent of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products [18].
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of fennel have been reported [15,18]. Anti-oxidant Fennel contains flavonoid anti-oxidants compounds like kaempferol and quercetin which helps eliminate harmful free radicals from the body, thus protecting from infection and aging. Rutin bolster inadequate circulation due to its ability to strengthen blood capillaries [70]. Fennel seeds are generally eaten for the taste but also very healthy owing to the nutrition value attached to it. Fennel is also used for various health benefits that are derived from its anti-oxidants. These anti-oxidants are essential to curb unwanted free radical reactions in the body to prevent many diseases. In the present study, the rats which treated with atorvastatin indicates significant decrease in the oxidative stress, this results is in agreement with Koter et al. [71], who isoprenylation.
In the current study indicates that the HFD had decrease in antioxidant, this results was in agreement with El ghazaly et al. [18] who reported that strategies to overcome the undesirable consequences of obesity and HFD on male reproductive system is necessary.
Restricted high-fat diet (RHFD) and antioxidant consumption may be appropriate ways to decline the negative effects of obesity in obese patients and also to prevent obesity-induced complications without changes in dietary pattern. Caloric restriction is one of the most efficient ways to promote weight loss and is known to activate protective metabolic pathways. In the present study, the rats which treated with fennel herb indicates significant increase in the antioxidant, this results agreed with Kooti et al. [72]  percent [80]. The present data agreed with Fatiha et al. [81], who reported that hyper-lipidemic rats Arch Med Sci.9:622-628.