The Effects of Zanzalacht on the Gonotrophic cycle of the Adult House fly Musca Domestica

Melia azedarach extract were applied by feeding the adult female flies on diets mixed with the extracts at different doses. The concentrations of Melia azedarach utilized were 1.8, 2.4 and 3.6% .The gonotrophic cycles of length of 90, 753, 67.6 and 84, 72, 68 hours were obtained after feeding at age 24 hours with diet mixed with doses of 1.8, 2.4 and 3.6% fruit extract; respectively. 98 & 96 hours were the length of gonotrophic cycle in the control groups. The length of 86.7, 72.3, 57.3 and 89.3, 75, 61 hours were obtained after feeding adults at age 48 hours with diets mixed with different doses of fruit extract of the same plant 97.3 and 98.7 hours were the length of the control groups. Proportions of the egg hatching reached 69, 55.3, 49 and 72.9, 64.2, 52 in groups of eggs obtained from 24 hours adults feeding with diets mixed with doses of 1.8, 2.4 and 3.6% fruit extract; respectively. Also 68.7, 53.3,48 5 and 81 2, 70, 56.3 were the proportions of egg hatching obtained from groups at age 48 hours after feeding with diets mixed with the same doses. 85, 77.6, 62.2 and 92.6, 88.9, 84.9 were the proportions of the egg hatching obtained from groups feeding with diets mixed with doses of 1.8, 2.4 and 3.6% fruit extract of Melia azedarach; respectively. The pupae showed larval-pupal intermediates which failed to complete the pupal period and died after emerging from the third larval instar. DOI : 10.14302/issn.2637-6075.jpae-19-2586 Corresponding author: Radwan E H, Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt, Email: dr_eman_hashem@yahoo.com Running title: Apodemus speciosus in industrial green space


Introduction
The house fly Musca vicina is one of the common species found in human habitat in tropical and subtropical regions. It has gained importance as a serious public health hazard. Serious world problems in public health have arisen as insects can develop resistance against insecticides [1]. The discovery of Melia azedarach as an insecticide of an entirely new type created quite a stir among entomologists interested in the practical uses of insect researches [2]. It was found of great value to study the effect of crude extracts of Jatwani and Srivastava [3]; Schmutterer [4] reported that the common species is Melia azedarach L as it contains six tetera-nortriterpenoids. Chiu [5] mentioned that the evaluation of the petroleum ether extracts of the seed kernels of Melia azedarach in the laboratory showed their potential as antifeedants for the control of the nymphs of Nilaparvata legens. The ethanol extract of the seed kernels of Melia azedarach inhibited feeding by 99.8% . The effect of azadirachtin and Azadirachta indica were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the house fly, Musca domestica [6].
Hashem and Youssef [7]; Radwan [8] observed the developmental changes induced by methanolic extract of leaves and fruits of Melia azedarach L. on the larvae of house fly Musca domestica vicina Macq. They noticed that the pupae and the adults displayed morphological abnormalities as well as pronounced anomalies. Heshem et al. [9] studied the effect of Melia azedarach extract on the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis and found that the fruit extract effectiveness depended on the age of the larvae, the concentration of the extract and the period of the treatment on the larval instars. The fruit extract-treatment of the chinaberry tree caused abnormalities in larvae and adults of the insect. Several studies dealt with the effect of azadirachtin on the mortality of different stages of insect species [10]. Azadirachtin increased the duration of the immature stages, length of pupal stages [11][12][13].
The effects of tri-terpenoid extracted from neem seed were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the house fly, Musca domestica [14]. Garcia et al. [15] claimed that the triterpenoid azadirachtin strongly interfere with the neuroendocrine control of insect hormone titers. Bidman et al. [16] studied the juvenilizing effect of azadirachtin by its injection into the first half of the last larval instar of the blowfly Calliphora vicina and found that it caused inhibited adult emergence. In adult insects, the effect of azadirachtin was a retardation of egg maturation [17].
They reported that the inhibition of oogenesis by azadirachtin is discussed on the basis of its interference with the neuroendocrine control of hormone synthesis. Mehrotra and Gujar [18] reported that topical application of 10 Mg azadirachtin reduced adult fecundity in Spodoptera litura. Crude neem oil extract was evaluated jars containing fresh milk pads to provide food for the newly hatched larvae. The jars were tightly covered with finely perforated tin lids. The fruits and leaves were washed in running tap water and after drying them up in the air for several days they were put in an oven at 60°C to constant weight and then pulverized by means of a hummer mill. Extraction was conducted in a 250 ml Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as a solvent. The Statistical analysis Data were subjected to student's T-test and least significant difference (LSD) test [20].

Results
The feeding experiments were conducted with These experiments were conducted at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C and a relative humidity of 70% ± 2 .It is seen from tables (1 and 2) that the time required for completing the first gonotrophic cycle of females at age 24 hours, which were fed on Melia azedarach (fruits) extraction at the concentrations of 1.8%, 2.4% and 3.6% had decreased. hours for the control group (Table 2) .Tables (1 and 2) showed that the number and the percentage of the hatched eggs were decreased in treated groups I, II, III and Ia, IIa and IIIa. Such percentages were found to be 69.0%, 55.3% & 49.1 % for groups I, II and III, respectively, as compared with 98.5% for the control group (Table 1) and 72.9%, 64.5% and 52% for group Ia, IIa and IIIa; respectively, as compared with 98.5% for the control group (Table 2) .It is seen form tables (1 and 2) that the metamorphosis of the larvae in groups I, II, III and Ia, IIa and IIIa was retarded. It was noted that the mean duration of the first larval instar was prolonged when compared with the control group (Tables 1 and 2). The onset of the first ecdysiast occurred after an average of 88, 97. 3 Table   2.         1 2 200 0 0 194 0 0 20 40 1 2 28 56 150 15 30 5 10 1 2 18 36 9 18 5 10 10 20 1 2 1 2 7 14 10 20 Table   3.         Table   4.            Table   5.          Table   6.     Larval abnormalities as small larvae these were larvae which had normal appearance, but they had a comparatively small size. pupae and small adults (Fig 5 and 11).
Pupal abnormalities, larval-pupal intermediates, the puparia of these abnormal pupae were incomplete with parts of the last larval cuticle were still persisting ( Figs. 4 and 5). These larval-pupal intermediates were produced from normal larvae (N.L.), they failed to complete the pupal period. They died after emerging from the normal third larval instar.  (Table 6) .
3-Pigmented pupae, these were pupae with an apparently normal appearance but possessing white pigments they were produced from pigmented larvae (P.L.).              (Table 6) 2-Adults of relatively small size and possessing different shapes of wings they were produced from small larvae and small pupae. Figures (8-13) and tables (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) demonstrated emerging one winged adults in addition to variety of abnormalities ranging from adults with crumbled incomplete bent to adults with broken wings.

Discussion
The affect the hatchability of eggs which was decreased.

Similar observations were obtained by Riddford and
Williams [21] in their work on Silk-worm Hyalophophra cercropi by using JHa. Keller [22] reported that the reproductive potential of Diaprepes abbreiatus was reduced by aerial application of JH-6040, plus oil. The JHa reduced the hatchability of eggs and the oil detached them from the leaves of the litters.
Mehrotra and Gujar [18] found that azadirachtin reduced fecundity and reproduction of Spodoptera litura . Heyde et al. (1984)[23] observed a marked reduction in the fecundity of hemipterous rice pests when adults were treated with 3% neem oil .Chiu et al. [24] noticed that oviposition deterrence by extracts of Melia toosendan for a number of Lepidopteran species. Coudriet et al. [25] found that ethanolic extracts of neem seed reduced oviposition of sweetpotato fly, Bemisia tabaci.
Wilps [26]  El Sayed [36]; Naqvi et al. [37] found that the effects of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid extracted from neem (Azadirachta indica) seed were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans and the house fly, Musca domestica.
They noticed that, when an ethanolic extract of ground seed was blended into cow manure, the LC50 and LC90 were 10.5 and 20.2 ppm; respectively for house flies larvae. The pesticidal properties of juliflorine and Margosano were determined against 3 rd instar larvae of Musca domestica by Jahan et al. [38]. The teratogenic effects of these pesticides on larvae, pupae and adults were observed. The LC50 was found to be 0.05% and 0.0018% for juliforin and Margosan-o, respectively .The toxicity and abnormalities produced by neem fraction and deltamethrin against second instar larvae of Musca domestica L. were recorded by Naqvi et al. [39]. They found that LD20 of dektamethrin (25 WP) and a neem extract after 24 hours treatment were 1.56% and 13.5%; respectively. Naqvi et al. [40] studied the toxicity of the pyrthroid Coopex 25 EC (permethrin) and a neem extract N-7 against the 3rd instar larvae of the The nature of this pigmented area was uncertain .Chiu Shin-Foon [2] noticed appearance of black spots on the body of cabbage larvae soon after treatment with pure compounds isolated from the root bark. Shalaby et al. [41]; Radwan [8] observed abnormal pigmentation in the second and the third larval instars of the house fly Musca domestica vicina .The second abnormality was the appearance of small larvae.
Naqvi [42] found that treated larvae of Aedes aegypti with neutral fraction of winter neem leaves (NFD) produced larval-pupal intermediates . The appearance of small, pigmented and constricted pupae were additional abnormalities observed with various concentrations of Melia azedarach . Wilps [26] found that reduction in pupal weight of Musca domestica and pupal malformations were found to occur more frequently with increasing azadirachtin concentration in the diet.
Koul [34] studied the effect of azadtrachtin on blowfly Calliphora vicina by injection. They found that azadirachtin prolonged the 3 rd larval instar and the pupae had a lower body weight than in the controls, also many of the pupae showed malformations. Shalaby et al. [41] noticed a dark pigmentation in pupae of Musca domestica vicina when larvae of 2 nd and 3 rd instars treated with JH-1 .The appearance of constricted pupae was another observed abnormality, the pupae were fully formed hut had constrictions in their puparia, so that they failed to emerge to the adult stage .
It became obvious that the exposure of house fly females to Melia azedarach extracts in the treated groups I, II, III and Ia, IIa, IIIa, produced abnormal larvae which gave rise to abnormal pupae (Fig. 5) and emerged producing abnormal adults, small adults of normal appearance (Fig. 11) adults of normal size with broken wings and abnormal legs which could not deposit eggs and adults that could not emerge completely and remain concealed in the puparia until they died (Figs. [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Koul [33] reported that azadirachtin caused a prolonged development period, wing deformities, non-plasticisation of wing lobes, development of wingless adults, and larval mortality on application to various stages of Dysdercus koenigii F. and against Spodoptera littura larvae. Koul [34] found that the injection of azadirachtin to the larvae of the fly (Calliphora vicina) led to inhibition of adult emergence and the adults which succeeded to emerge were smaller and their wings, legs, and proboscis showed typical malformation and their abdomens was often very short .Jahan et al. [38] used petroleum ether extracts of (Clerodendrum inerme)