Application of Nanotechnology for the Preservation of Red Blood Cells

This study was devoted to the learning of the use of nanotechnology to correct the functional activity of red blood cells (RBCs) at the storage stages at a positive temperature. It was established that saline NaCl, which had previously been processed by magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) had a marked membrane-stabilizing effect, inhibits hemolysis and increasing the sedimentation stability of preserved RBCs. The complex analysis of the obtained data allowed to determine the primary mechanisms effect of the saline NaCl, which had previously been processed by ICNB on the preserved RBCs. The proposed method of additive modernization of preserved RBCs was adapted to the production process. The optimization results were obtained in creating a simple and practical method of additive modernization of preservation solutions that does not violate the compliance requirements, improves the quality, efficiency and safety transfusion of RBCs. DOI : Coming soon Corresponding author: Andrey Belousov, Laboratory of Applied Nanotechnology of Belousov, Kharkov Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ukraine Kharkov Regional Center of Blood Service, Email: an.belousov2012@ukr.net

life-saving treatment for severe anemia caused by disease or chemotherapy, or by blood loss due to trauma or major surgery.For several decades RBCs components have been prepared as concentrates suspended in nutrient additive solution, which preserves and extends the shelf-life of the RBCs component, allowing up to 6-7 weeks of refrigerated storage [1].
Nevertheless, during storage RBCs undergo a complex and progressive accumulation of physicochemical changes, collectively referred to as the RBCs storage lesion [2,3].Recent clinical studies have identified RBCs transfusion as an independent risk factor for increased morbidities and mortalities in certain groups of patients, including trauma, cardiac surgery and the critically-ill (reviewed in [4 -6]).Additionally, some of these studies have identified that older stored RBCs are more strongly implicated in poorer outcomes compared to fresher RBCs [6].In order to address these concerns, there is renewed interest to better understand the RBCs storage lesion and to find ways to ameliorate the deleterious effects of storage, thereby improving the quality, efficacy and safety of RBCs components for all transfusion recipients.
While increased research effort is being directed to better understand the effects of storage on RBCs and the potential impact on transfusion outcomes [7], slower progress is being made in finding ways to deter the detrimental effects of the RBCs storage lesion.
Over the past 15 -20 years, research into the development of new additive solutions has focused on ways to maintain higher intracellular levels of ATP and 2.3-DPG during storage of RBC components [1].The bigger challenge that has hindered the advancement of this field is the significant financial burden and risk for manufacturers of blood collection systems to obtain licensure and to bring a new RBCs storage system to a market that is inherently based on very low profit margins, such as the blood services sector.

Despite the
The financial burden to technology developers of new RBC storage systems is largely due to regulatory requirements, particularly those mandated by the FDA.
In addition to in vitro data, the FDA requires in vivo data  The main purpose of the first stage of the study is to develop a simple and practical method of additive modernization of preservation solutions that does not violate the compliance requirements, improves the quality, efficiency and safety transfusion of red blood cells.

Materials:
1. Standardized intracorporeal nanobiocorrector of ICNB was taken as nanoparticles.Magnetite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method.The main physics and chemical properties of ICNB the following data and also in Tables 1-4; Figures 1,2 were presented: • Concentration of the colloidal solution of magnetite nanoparticles in physiology solution of NaCl is 0.0225%.
• Theoretical osmolality of colloid solution is 500 mosmol/l • Size of magnetite nanoparticles is 6-12 nm; • Total area of surface magnetite of nanoparticles Ss = 800-1200 m 2 /g;  The axial tomograms were received • T1 -the self-weighted sequences of Echo Spin of TR 50 ms, TE 17 ms the field of review the 250 mm, the thickness cut 2 mm.
• T2 -the self-weighted sequences Echo Gradient of TR 500 ms, TE 17 ms the field of review a 180 mm, the thickness cut 4 mm.
Of each bag of 3 ml amounts of red blood cells was distributed into 20 sterile glass tubes.Then, into the first 10 tubes of control were added of 2 ml amounts 0.9% NaCl solution.Into the next 10 tubes of test were added of 2 ml amounts 0.9% NaCl solution, which previously was processed by ICNB.

Results and Discussion
Results of visual assessment of the images brightness used in experiment liquids at the MRI are represented in Figure 3. • Variant 3. Mobility of hydrogen protons in 0.9% NaCl solution that has previously been processed ICNB nanoparticles is maximized.Therefore, the image brightness is much higher than before (in the previous variants).

Thus, previously conducted research clearly
shows that the nanoparticles of ICNB change the mobility and the orientation of the hydrogen atoms in liquids that are registered in the visual evaluation of MRI.
The next set of studies was essential and aimed at studying of functional activity of red blood cells at the storage stages at a positive after by modifying the mobility and spatial orientation of hydrogen protons in the pericellular fluid using magnetite nanoparticles of ICNB.
A study of the sedimentation stability of RBCs showed a highly significant difference between control and test data.Data of sedimentation stability of the RBCs at the stages of a study were presented in  Thus, following the logic of the above reasoning, if improving sedimentation stability of RBC is associate with an increase in ATP, then the isotonic solution which previously was processed by ICNB should actively stabilize the membranes of RBCs and inhibit hemolysis.
Therefore, the next investigation was to study the hemolysis processes preserved of the RBCs at various stages.Results of the visual assessment hemolysis of erythrocytes in various aspects of exposure are presenting in Figure 6.
Objective data of free Hb and calculated HCT at the stage VI of the study are presented in Table 5.
Thus, the objective indicators of Table 5 are highly reliable (p<0.001) and confirm the obtained visual effect of inhibiting hemolysis of preserved RBCs by physiological solution, which was pretreated by ICNB.
Microscopic observation of changes in the morphology of RBCs was a logical continuation of the study of the erythrocyte membranes stabilization effect.
The results of microscopic examination of the morphology of erythrocytes in different variants of    shape changes of human erythrocytes [36].
The effect of hemolysis inhibition by the method of additive modernization of preservation solutions, that adapted to the manufacture process at the VI stage of the study is shown in Figure 10.

Conclusion
As a result of the studies it was found that physiologic solution NaCl which previously was processed by ICNB and added to the preserved of the red blood cells actively inhibits of hemolysis processes of RBCs at the storage stages at a positive temperature.A comprehensive analysis of data revealed the primary mechanisms of the effect modernized of the saline solution on the preserved RBCs.It was established that saline NaCl, which had previously been processed by magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) had a marked membrane-stabilizing effect, inhibits hemolysis and increasing the sedimentation stability of preserved RBCs.
In General, these effects provide the sustainability of the functional activity of preserved RBCs in during storage.
Thus, the first optimistic results were obtained on the way of creation a simple and practical method of additive modernization of preservation solutions that does not violate the compliance requirements, improves the quality, efficiency and safety transfusion of red blood cells.
RBCs having been a favorite experimental model for cellular biologists and biochemists, RBCs storage research has repeatedly demonstrated that a lot of fundamental biology about RBCs is still not well understood.The complexity of the inter-relationship between RBCs biochemistry, cytoskeletal structure and membrane properties have made it difficult to predict how RBCs will respond to different storage conditions.Exposure of RBCs to non-physiological storage environments has pointed to the existence of previously unknown biochemical mechanisms in RBCs, including apoptotic-like processes, ion and osmotic channels that behave differently than expected, exposure of new or altered receptors possibly due to oxidative and/or protease/glycosidase activities or altered senescence [8-11].The benefits gained by improved RBCs component quality should more than justify any real or perceived inconvenience to the blood services in implementing adjustments to their processing procedures or additional processing costs of the introduction of new generation RBCs additive solutions.
nonspecific and modulated effect on metabolic processes.Research of ultrastructure investigations of the reticuloendothelial system (liver, lungs and kidneys) it was proved that after injection of biocompatibility magnetite nanoparticles into a vein caused nonspecific activation of the metabolic processes, increase adaptive mechanisms and potential of organelle cells, acceleration of reparative processes a level of membranes and macromolecules [18, 20, 21].Existing sorption and indirect (magnetic) effects not only allow selectively absorb the protein of surface membrane cells by magnetite nanoparticles (according to the principle of magnetospheres), but also to prevent the oxidative modification of proteins by way of stabilizing the active groups, normalizing a state of receptors that are located on the surface membrane of cells, increasing activity of enzymes' membrane-bound [22-24].Recent scientific work related to use of magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) in contrast means in an MRI investigation of cancer reliably was shown that nanoparticles cause reversible changes associated with a temporary increase in the mobility of hydrogen protons in the pericellular fluid that inevitably modifies the metabolism in malignant cells [25].The results of these investigations have not only widened the understanding of the mechanisms of action of nanoparticles on condition outside and intracellular spaces but also have revealed new aspects of the cellular(cells) metabolism, determined the membrane role of cellular enzymes in the regulation processes of metabolism [23, 26-29].Also, it was established that extracorporeally processing the blood by nanoparticles of MCS-B reliably reduces activity of Ca, Mg -АТPHese of erythrocytes.Currently, studies have shown that magnetite nanoparticles are able to inhibit hemolysis of heparinized blood, increase the activity of ATP and 2.3 DPH in red blood cells, regulate transmembrane metabolism and inhibit eryptosis [23, 30, 31].The above was the basis for the choice of the theme of this study, devoted to the learning of the use of nanotechnology to correct the functional activity of red blood cells at the storage stages at a positive temperature.

ratio 4 : 1 (
n=10).The state of red blood cells was determined visually by the registration of signs of hemolysis.Also, hemolysis was controlled by photometric method by means Plasma / Low Hb and GPHP-01 devices.The centrifuge mark of SM-70M-07 was used to obtain supernatant.Hematocrit was calculated by means hematocrit ruler and using the formula: Morphology of the red blood cells was studied by direct microscopic method.Sedimentation stability of red blood cells was studied by Panchenkov's method.Change in the acidity of the red blood cells was performed by means of pH metric.Tests were carried out in six stages: day 1 -I, day 7 -II, day 14 -III, day 21 -IV, day 28 -V, day 35 -VI.The blood after performance of the biochemical investigation was stored in the refrigerating chamber at temperature +4ºС.Statistically processing the obtained results was carried out by parametrical method of variation statistics by Student criterion.Processing the obtained data was carried out by means of Excel.

Figure 3
Figure 3 illustrates the difference of image brightness in liquids compared at the MRI.The order of the brightness increase is the following: ICNB, 0.9% NaCl solution, 0.9% NaCl solution that was treated by nanoparticles of ICNB.The difference in brightness of images is explained in the following way: • Variant 1. Magnetite nanoparticles of ICNB reduce the mobility of hydrogen protons in the liquid medium (0.9% NaCl solution).Therefore, the image

Figure 4
Figure4shows that sedimentation stability of RBC in test tubes are reliably more highly (p<0.001) then in control tubes at stages of research.It should be said that negative surface charge of human RBCs's results primarily from the presence of ionogenic carboxyl groups of sialic acids on the cell surface[32][33][34].The

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Images of fluids that were studied in the research at the MRI.
Figure 7 clearly demonstrates that microscopically in the control variant at the VI stage of the study, widespread appearance of spheroechinocytes is observed.On the contrary, in the test variants, the shape of red blood cells at the stage VI was unchanged.Pathological changes in the RBC's shape and size in the control variants are most likely associated with inhibition of glycolysis processes [35].Consequently, the number of ATP and 2.3 DPG decreases, the permeability of the erythrocyte membranes is disturbed, the state of the hemoglobin buffer changes.As a result, the pH of intracellular and extracellular media are changes.The decrease in the formation of 2.3 DPG leads to the acidulation of intracellular environment of the RBCs.Deoxygenated hemoglobin which was previously formed actively binds the [H + ], that comes from the extracellular environment and alkalizes the extracellular environment.The effect of RBC reduction, the appearance of widespread spheroechinocytes is observed in microscopy.Subsequently, oxyhemoglobin moves to the extracellular environment as a result of processes intensification destruction of the membranes of RBCs.The accumulation of oxygenated hemoglobin in the extracellular environment causes by shifting towards the acid of the pH.

Figure 9
Figure 9 demonstrates that despite the initial acidic environment of the preservative (pH CPD = 5-6) in the control and test in the extracellular medium at the first stage of the study alkaline pH is registered.The appearance of differences in the dynamics of change in the color of the pH indicator between the control and the test is clearly observed in the subsequent stages of the study.So, against the background of the appearance of hemolysis signs significant decrease of the pH to 7.1-7.2 in the control at the VI stage of the study is registered.On the contrary, the pH of the extracellular medium remains relatively stable and corresponds to the parameters 7.4-7.5 in the test at the VI stage of the study.

Table 1 .
The calculated lattice parameters of the phases.

Table 2 .
Determination of percent composition of the ICNB by Х-ray spectrometer ARL OPTIM'X (semi-quantitative analysis).